{"id":76407,"date":"2021-01-06T16:57:44","date_gmt":"2021-01-06T16:57:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.atlasrleye.com\/atlas\/"},"modified":"2026-03-01T10:23:56","modified_gmt":"2026-03-01T10:23:56","slug":"atlas","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.atlasrleye.com\/en\/atlas\/","title":{"rendered":"Atlas"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column width=”2\/3″][vc_tta_accordion style=”modern” shape=”square” gap=”3″ c_icon=”chevron” active_section=”90″ collapsible_all=”true” title=”Chapters”][vc_tta_section title=”1 – MACULAR DISEASES” tab_id=”1636632711938-40a9cd41-6444″][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1757331590362{padding-left: 25px !important;}”] 1.1 – Epiretinal Membranes<\/span><\/a>
\n 1.2 – Epiretinal Membranes in Children<\/span><\/a>
\n 1.3 – Idiopathic Macular Hole<\/span><\/a>
\n 1.4 – Vitreomacular Traction Syndrome<\/span><\/a>
\n 1.5 – Degenerative Myopia<\/span><\/a>
\n 1.6 – Angioid Streaks<\/span><\/a>
\n 1.7 – Hypotonic Maculopathy<\/span><\/a>
\n 1.8 – Idiopathic Choroidal Neovascular Membrane<\/span><\/a>
\n 1.9 – Myopic Foveoschisis<\/span><\/a>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”2 – AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION” tab_id=”1635506431773-0d8d0743-1f0b”][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1757331691202{padding-left: 25px !important;}”]2.1 – Nonexudative ARMD<\/span><\/a>
\n 2.2 – Exudative ARMD<\/span><\/a>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”3 – DIABETIC RETINOPATHY” tab_id=”1636632808670-a28fb046-8c67″][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1757331768472{padding-left: 25px !important;}”] 3.1 – NonProliferative Diabetic Retinopathy<\/span><\/a>
\n 3.2 – Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 1 Diabetes<\/span><\/a>
\n 3.3 – Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes<\/span><\/a>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”4 – RETINAL VASCULAR DISEASES” tab_id=”1636632711328-9e751f35-9f1e”][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1757331927655{padding-left: 25px !important;}”] 4.1 – Cotton-Wool Spots<\/span><\/a>
\n 4.2 – Hypertensive Retinopathy<\/span><\/a>
\n 4.3 – Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion<\/span><\/a>
\n 4.4 – Branch Central Retinal Artery Occlusion<\/span><\/a>
\n 4.5 – Branch Central Retinal Vein Occlusion<\/span><\/a>
\n 4.6 – Central Retinal Artery Occlusion<\/span><\/a>
\n 4.7 – Central Retinal Vein Occlusion<\/span><\/a>
\n 4.8 – Neovascular Glaucoma<\/span><\/a>
\n 4.9 – Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysms<\/span><\/a>
\n 4.10 – Ocular Ischemic Syndrome<\/span><\/a>
\n 4.11 – Ocular Manifestations of Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia<\/span><\/a>
\n 4.12 – Sickle Cell Disease<\/span><\/a>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”5 – CHORIORETINAL INFLAMMATORY DISEASES – Infectious Causes” tab_id=”1636632633206-1ea7c58a-5d24″][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1757332078040{padding-left: 25px !important;}”] 5.1 – Ocular Tuberculosis<\/span><\/a>
\n 5.2 – Ocular Toxocariasis<\/span><\/a>
\n 5.3 – Ocular Toxoplasmosis<\/span><\/a>
\n 5.4 – Ocular Manifestations of Syphilis<\/span><\/a>
\n 5.5 – Ocular Manifestations of Measles Disease<\/span><\/a>
\n 5.6 – Lyme Disease<\/span><\/a>
\n 5.7 – Diffuse Unilateral Subacute Neuroretinitis<\/span><\/a>
\n 5.8 – Progressive Outer Retinal Necrosis<\/span><\/a>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”6 – CHORIORETINAL INFLAMMATORY DISEASES – Noninfectious Causes” tab_id=”1636632631784-8a806fcb-acbc”][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1757332306009{padding-left: 25px !important;}”] 6.1 – Sarcoidosis<\/span><\/a>
\n 6.2 – Serpiginous Choroiditis<\/span><\/a>
\n 6.3 – Birdshot Retinochoroidopathy<\/span><\/a>
\n 6.4 – Acute Retinal Pigment Epithelitis<\/span><\/a>
\n 6.5 – Uveitis<\/span><\/a>
\n 6.6 – Eales Disease<\/span><\/a>
\n 6.7 – Multifocal Choroiditis<\/span><\/a>
\n 6.8 – Multiple Evanescent White Dots Syndrome<\/span><\/a>
\n 6.9 – Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy<\/span><\/a>
\n 6.10 – Uveal Effusion<\/span><\/a>
\n 6.11 – Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy<\/span><\/a>
\n 6.12 – Subretinal Fibrosis and Uveitis Syndrome<\/span><\/a>
\n 6.13 – Posterior Scleritis<\/span><\/a>
\n 6.14 – Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome<\/span><\/a>
\n 6.15 – Punctate Inner Choroidopathy<\/span><\/a>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”7 – RETINAL DYSTROPHIES AND SYNDROMES” tab_id=”1636632807269-1444524b-3ed4″][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1757332841564{padding-left: 25px !important;}”] 7.1 – Macular Dystrophies<\/span><\/a>
\n 7.2 – Con-Rod Dystrophy<\/span><\/a>
\n 7.3 – Stargardt Disease<\/span><\/a>
\n 7.4 – Gyrate Atrophy<\/span><\/a>
\n 7.5 – Retinitis Pigmentosa<\/span><\/a>
\n 7.6 – Usher Syndrome<\/span><\/a>
\n 7.7 – Bardet-Biedl Syndrome<\/span><\/a>
\n 7.8 – Senior-Loken Syndrome<\/span><\/a>
\n 7.9 – LCHAD Deficiency<\/span><\/a>
\n 7.10 – Ocular Manifestations of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis<\/span><\/a>
\n 7.11 – Ocular Manifestations of Homocystinuria<\/span><\/a>
\n 7.12 – Methylmalonic Acidemia<\/span><\/a>
\n 7.13 – Hereditary Vitreoretinal Degenerations<\/span><\/a>
\n 7.14 – Best Disease<\/span><\/a>
\n 7.15 – Nanophthalmos<\/span><\/a>
\n 7.16 – Retinitis Punctata Albescens<\/span><\/a>
\n 7.17 – Fundus Albipunctatus<\/span><\/a>
\n 7.18 – Choroideremia<\/span><\/a>
\n 7.19 – Sjogren Reticular Dystrophy<\/span><\/a>
\n 7.20 – Ocular Albinism<\/span><\/a>
\n 7.21 – Norrie Disease<\/span><\/a>
\n 7.22 – Congenital Non-attachment of the Retina<\/span><\/a>
\n 7.23 – Leber Congenital Amaurosis<\/span><\/a>
\n 7.24 – Wyburn-Mason Syndrome<\/span><\/a>
\n 7.25 – Bietti Crystalline Dystrophy<\/span><\/a>
\n 7.26 – Morning Glory Syndrome<\/span><\/a>
\n 7.27 – Familial Dominant Drusen<\/span><\/a>
\n 7.28 – Congenital Stationary Night Blindness<\/span><\/a>
\n 7.29 – Pigmented Paravenous Retinochoroidal Atrophy<\/span><\/a>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”8 – CONGENITAL AND PEDIATRIC RETINAL DISEASES” tab_id=”1635506431806-afc59564-1028″][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1757332960091{padding-left: 25px !important;}”] 8.1 – Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy<\/span><\/a>
\n 8.2 – Coats Disease<\/span><\/a>
\n 8.3 – Juvenile X-linked Retinosquisis<\/span><\/a>
\n 8.4 – Ocular Toxocariasis<\/span><\/a>
\n 8.5 – Persistent Fetal Vasculature<\/span><\/a>
\n8.6 – Chorioretinal Coloboma<\/span><\/a>
\n 8.7 – Retinopathy of Prematurity<\/span><\/a>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”9 – RETINAL AND CHOROIDAL TUMORS” tab_id=”1636632883096-c2c9ed67-9b78″][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1757333091712{padding-left: 25px !important;}”] 9.1 – Choroidal Hemangioma<\/span><\/a>
\n 9.2 – Choroidal Osteoma<\/span><\/a>
\n 9.3 – Uveal Melanoma<\/span><\/a>
\n 9.4 – Choroidal Metastasis<\/span><\/a>
\n 9.5 – Intraocular Lymphoma<\/span><\/a>
\n 9.6 – Retinocytoma<\/span><\/a>
\n 9.7 – Choroidal Nevus<\/span><\/a>
\n 9.8 – Congenital Hypertrophy of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium<\/span><\/a>
\n 9.9 – Radiation Retinopathy<\/span><\/a>
\n 9.10 – Retinal Capillary Hemangioma<\/span><\/a>
\n 9.11 – Retinoblastoma<\/span><\/a>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”10 – TRAUMATIC AND TOXIC RETINOPATHIES” tab_id=”1636632808103-ebb9ab69-b1fc”][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1757333279019{padding-left: 25px !important;}”] 10.1 – Commotio Retinae<\/span><\/a>
\n 10.2 – Choroidal Rupture<\/span><\/a>
\n 10.3 – Purtscher Retinopathy<\/span><\/a>
\n 10.4 – Traumatic Macular Hole<\/span><\/a>
\n 10.5 – Chorioretinitis Sclopetaria<\/span><\/a>
\n 10.6 – Intraocular Foreign Bodies<\/span><\/a>
\n 10.7 – Retinal Detachment<\/span><\/a>
\n 10.8 – Terson Syndrome<\/span><\/a>
\n 10.9 – Solar Maculopathy<\/span><\/a>
\n 10.10 – Penetrating and Perforating Ocular Trauma<\/span><\/a>
\n 10.11 – Valsalva Retinopathy<\/span><\/a>
\n 10.12 – Siderosis Bulbi<\/span><\/a>
\n 10.13 – Chloroquine or Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy<\/span><\/a>
\n 10.14 – Rupture of Zonular Fibers<\/span><\/a>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”11 – PERIPHERAL RETINAL DISEASE” tab_id=”1635513661731-3ad1a8f3-3c4e”][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1757333403827{padding-left: 25px !important;}”] 11.1 – Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment<\/span><\/a>
\n 11.2 – Exudative Retinal Detachment<\/span><\/a>
\n 11.3 – Choroidal Detachment<\/span><\/a>
\n 11.4 – Retinal Tears<\/span><\/a>
\n 11.5 – Chorioretinal Folds<\/span><\/a>
\n 11.6 – Pavingstone Degeneration<\/span><\/a>
\n 11.7 – Lattice Degeneration<\/span><\/a>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”12 – OPTIC NERVE DISEASES” tab_id=”1635513667903-88e5ccf5-18e6″][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1757333475122{padding-left: 25px !important;}”] 12.1 – Optic Disc Pits and Associated Serous Macular Detachments<\/span><\/a>
\n 12.2 – Optic Disc Drusen<\/span><\/a>
\n 12.3 – Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy<\/span><\/a>
\n 12.4 – Myelinated Fibers<\/span><\/a>
\n 12.5 – Toxic Optic Neuropathy<\/span><\/a>
\n 12.6 – Optic Nerve Hypoplasia<\/span><\/a>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”13 – VITREOUS DISEASES” tab_id=”1636632249290-b772874d-0933″][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1757333509647{padding-left: 25px !important;}”] 13.1 – Asteroid Hyalosis<\/span><\/a>
\n 13.2 – Paramyloidosis<\/span><\/a>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”14 – ANOTHER CLINICAL CASES” tab_id=”1636632710444-966418f9-f7fa”][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1757333553931{padding-left: 25px !important;}”] 14.1 – Corneal Autotransplant<\/span><\/a>
\n 14.2 – Anterior Segment Transplantation<\/span><\/a>
\n 14.3 – Descemet Membrane Detachment<\/span><\/a>
\n 14.4 – Corneal Perforation \u2013 Exposure Keratopathy<\/span><\/a>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][\/vc_tta_accordion][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/3″]

<\/div>[vc_wp_search title=”Search”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_tta_accordion section_title_tag=”h6″ style=”modern” c_icon=”chevron” active_section=”90″ collapsible_all=”true”][vc_tta_section title=”OTHER IMAGES” tab_id=”1750530510503-2910730f-0a6b”][vc_gallery type=”image_grid” images=”118902,118942,118934,118926,118918,118910,118026,118034,118018,118010,115777,116034,116082,116074,116066,116058,116050,116042,116018,116010,116002,115994,115986,115978,115970,115962,115954,115946,115938,115930,115922,115913,115905,115897,115881,115873,115865,115857,115849,115841,115833,115825,115817,115809,115801,115793,115785,118002″ img_size=”200″ css=”.vc_custom_1756286225638{margin-left: -20px !important;}”][\/vc_tta_section][\/vc_tta_accordion][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_tta_accordion title_tag=”h3″ section_title_tag=”h6″ style=”modern” c_icon=”chevron” active_section=”90″ collapsible_all=”true” title=”Dictionary”][vc_tta_section title=”SMALL DICTIONARY OF OPHTALMOLOGY” tab_id=”1772321123070-81844e2b-d10b”][vc_column_text css=””]<\/p>\n

Amblyopia:<\/strong> consists of reduced vision in one eye due to problems that interfere with visual development during childhood; generally there are no apparent organic changes; amblyopia arises because the brain does not recognize the more blurred image provided by the eye, making the eye “preferential” to the one sending a sharper image.<\/p>\n

Anisocoria:<\/strong> change in which there is an unequal size of the two pupils.<\/p>\n

Anterior chamber: <\/strong>space between the cornea and iris, filled with aqueous humor.<\/p>\n

Anterior segment: <\/strong>most anterior portion of the eyeball that includes the external ocular surface, the conjunctiva, the cornea, the anterior chamber, the iris, the visible sclera and the lens.<\/p>\n

Aphakia: <\/strong>absence of crystalline; it can be congenital or acquired (surgical\/traumatic).<\/p>\n

Autoimmune: <\/strong>refers to the exaggerated immunological or inflammatory reaction that occurs in an individual against his own tissues.<\/p>\n

BCVA: <\/strong>best corrected visual acuity (usually with glasses or contact lenses).<\/p>\n

Biometry: <\/strong>diagnostic exam that uses ultrasound for various measurements such as axial length, anterior chamber depth, corneal curvature, corneal thickness, among others.<\/p>\n

Blepharitis: <\/strong>acute or chronic inflammation of the eyelid margin.<\/p>\n

Capsulotomy:<\/strong>an opening is made in the posterior area of the capsule with a YAG laser when the posterior lens capsule opacifies after cataract surgery.<\/p>\n

Cataract: <\/strong>change in the transparency of the lens.<\/p>\n

CF:<\/strong>count fingers.<\/p>\n

Chalazion: <\/strong>inflammatory nodule that develops on the eyelid, in the upper or lower part, caused by obstruction of a Meibomius gland.<\/p>\n

CNV:<\/strong> choroidal neovascular membrane.<\/p>\n

Congenital: <\/strong>present from birth.<\/p>\n

Conjunctivitis: <\/strong>inflammation of the conjunctiva (“the white” of the eye) and the inner part of the eyelids; it can be allergic or infectious (bacterial or viral).<\/p>\n

Cornea: <\/strong>most anterior part of the eyeball, transparent, which works like a “watch glass” with high dioptric power.<\/p>\n

Corneal topography: <\/strong>diagnostic exame which makes it possible to establish a three-dimensional map of the different radius of curvature of the anterior surface of the cornea.<\/p>\n

CVO: <\/strong>central retinal vein occlusion.<\/p>\n

Cystoid macular edema (CME):<\/strong> accumulation of fluid in the macula that can cause decreased visual acuity.<\/p>\n

Diabetes type 1: <\/strong> called juvenile diabetes; insulin-dependent.<\/p>\n

Diabetes type 2:<\/strong>most common type in adulthood; non-insulin dependent.<\/p>\n

Diopter (D): <\/strong>unit of measurement of the power of a lens; used in optical correction.<\/p>\n

Diplopia: <\/strong>double vision.<\/p>\n

DR: <\/strong>Diabetic Retinopathy.<\/p>\n

Epiretinal membrane: <\/strong>membrane that grows on the inner surface of the retina.<\/p>\n

Eye floaters (myodesopsias): <\/strong>small spots\/filaments or dark spots that float in the vision field and that move with the movement of the eyes.<\/p>\n

Fibrosis:<\/strong>excessive proliferation of connective tissue, which may arise as an exaggerated response to injuries, infections or inflammation.<\/p>\n

Fluorescein angiography:<\/strong>diagnostic test to evaluate the circulatory dynamics of retinal blood vessels and their integrity.<\/p>\n

Fovea:<\/strong> central area of the macula.<\/p>\n

Glaucoma: <\/strong> optic nerve disease in which there is a marked loss of nerve fibers, in relation to a group of people of the same age, and which is usually associated with loss of visual field; may be associated with high intraocular pressure; there are also low-tension and normotension glaucomas.<\/p>\n

Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c): <\/strong>blood test that assesses blood glucose levels over the last 3 months and is not influenced by fasting on the day of blood collection.<\/p>\n

Hordeolum: <\/strong>acute infection of a gland on the edge of the eyelid, usually bacterial.<\/p>\n

Hyperopia: <\/strong>difficulty in seeing at short distances that can be corrected by converging (positive) lenses; occurs when the axial length of the globe is shorter or the curvature of the cornea is flatter, so that the image is captured behind the retina.<\/p>\n

Intraocular lens: <\/strong>lens that is inserted into the eye to replace the crystalline lens in cataract surgery; it can also be used to correct high myopia in young patients, maintaining the crystalline.<\/p>\n

Intraocular pressure (IOP):<\/strong> allows the eyeball to remain spherical in shape; depends on the production of aqueous humor, its circulation and drainage.<\/p>\n

Ischemia: <\/strong>insufficient blood supply due to constriction or obstruction of blood vessels resulting in a decrease in oxygenation and nutritional supply to tissues.<\/p>\n

Keratitis: <\/strong>inflammatory process of the cornea.<\/p>\n

LASIK (Laser Assisted In-situ Keratomileusis):<\/strong> aser surgery, used to correct myopia, astigmatism and hyperopia.<\/p>\n

LE: <\/strong>left eye.<\/p>\n

Lens (crystalline): <\/strong>transparent biconvex physiological lens, located behind the iris.<\/p>\n

LP:<\/strong>light perception.<\/p>\n

Macula:<\/strong> central region of the retina where the image that will be transmitted to the brain is formed.<\/p>\n

Metamorphopsies:<\/strong>image distortion; vertical\/horizontal lines appear wavy.<\/p>\n

Miotic:<\/strong>medication used to cause pupillary contraction, reversibly.<\/p>\n

Mydriatic: <\/strong>medication that causes pupil dilation, reversibly.<\/p>\n

Myopia: <\/strong>difficulty with distance vision that can be corrected by divergent (negative) lenses; generally characterized by increased axial length of the globe or more accentuated corneal curvature; the image is captured in front of the retina.<\/p>\n

Neovascularization: <\/strong>the formation of new blood vessels, often fragile, in areas of ischemia (which do not receive adequate oxygen and nutrient supply); are more at risk of causing bleeding.<\/p>\n

NPDR: <\/strong>Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.<\/p>\n

Nyctalopia:<\/strong> night blindness; decreased visual adaptation to the dark.<\/p>\n

Neuro-ophthalmology: <\/strong>subspeciality of ophthalmology dedicated to the integrated study of vision problems and diseases of the nervous system.<\/p>\n

OCT: <\/strong>Optical Coherence Tomography; diagnostic examination; high-resolution cross-sectional images of retina, optic disc and anterior segment.<\/p>\n

Optic Disc: <\/strong>intraocular portion of the optic nerve that is visualized when observing the ocular fundus.<\/p>\n

Optic nerve:<\/strong> transmits nerve impulses produced in the retina to the brain, where they are then interpreted as images.<\/p>\n

PDR: <\/strong>Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.<\/p>\n

Perimetry: <\/strong>diagnostic exam to evaluate the field of vision..<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

Phakic eye: <\/strong> eye with crystalline lens.<\/p>\n

Photophobia:<\/strong> is the \u201cintolerance\u201d or \u201caversion\u201d to light or the discomfort caused by light in the eyes.<\/p>\n

Presbyopia: <\/strong>difficulty with near vision that can be corrected with lenses; it usually occurs after the age of 40.<\/p>\n

Progressive lenses: <\/strong> correct distance, intermediate and near vision in the same lens, without a visible separation line in the glasses.<\/p>\n

PSC:<\/strong>posterior subcapsular (cataract); consists of the opacification of the most posterior layers of the lens.<\/p>\n

Pseudophakic eye: <\/strong> the lens was replaced with an intraocular lens (cataract surgery).<\/p>\n

Pterygium: <\/strong>degenerative lesion in which conjunctival tissue proliferates to the surface of the cornea, in the form of a vascularized layer near the transition between conjunctiva and cornea, and which may have inflammatory signs.<\/p>\n

RE: <\/strong>right eye.<\/p>\n

Refraction exam: <\/strong>assessment of visual acuity corrected with glasses or contact lenses.<\/p>\n

Refractive surgery: <\/strong>laser surgery to correct refractive errors such as myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, usually corrected with the use of glasses or contact lenses.<\/p>\n

Retina: <\/strong>layer that lines the inside of the eye, made up of nerve cells; its cells are sensitive to light and convert it into electrical signals that are then sent to the brain via the optic nerve.<\/p>\n

Retinal detachment: <\/strong>separation of the retina from the choroid and sclera (“eye wall”).<\/p>\n

Retinography:<\/strong>photograph of the ocular fundus.<\/p>\n

RLE: <\/strong>both eyes.<\/p>\n

RPE:<\/strong> retinal pigment epithelium.<\/p>\n

Sclera: <\/strong>outer layer of the eyeball, consisting of fibrous tissue that covers the eyeball.<\/p>\n

Strabismus: <\/strong>ocular misalignment caused by imbalance of the extrinsic muscles of the ocular globe.<\/p>\n

Tonometry: <\/strong>method of evaluating intraocular pressure (IOP); diagnostic examination.<\/p>\n

Uveitis: <\/strong>inflammation of the uvea, the vascular layer of the ocular globe; it can involve the anterior uvea (consisting of the iris and ciliary body) and the posterior uvea (choroid).<\/p>\n

Visual acuity (VA): <\/strong>ability of vision to perceive the shape and contour of objects; a person with VA 20\/20 sees objects that are 20 feet away clearly.<\/p>\n

Visual Field: <\/strong>area of space visible to the eye in a given position, looking fixedly; there is the central visual field and the peripheral visual field, which is lateral vision.<\/p>\n

Vitrectomy: <\/strong>surgical procedure to remove the vitreous and replace it with another substance (saline solution, gas or silicone depending on the surgical problem).<\/p>\n

Vitreous: <\/strong>gelatinous and transparent substance that fills the vitreous cavity, which is located in the posterior portion of the globe, behind the lens.<\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][\/vc_tta_accordion][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column width=”2\/3″][vc_tta_accordion style=”modern” shape=”square” gap=”3″ c_icon=”chevron” active_section=”90″ collapsible_all=”true” title=”Chapters”][vc_tta_section title=”1 – MACULAR DISEASES” tab_id=”1636632711938-40a9cd41-6444″][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1757331590362{padding-left: 25px !important;}”] 1.1 – Epiretinal Membranes 1.2 – Epiretinal Membranes in Children 1.3 – Idiopathic Macular Hole 1.4 – Vitreomacular Traction Syndrome 1.5 – Degenerative […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-76407","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.atlasrleye.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/76407","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.atlasrleye.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.atlasrleye.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.atlasrleye.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.atlasrleye.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=76407"}],"version-history":[{"count":122,"href":"https:\/\/www.atlasrleye.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/76407\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":121853,"href":"https:\/\/www.atlasrleye.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/76407\/revisions\/121853"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.atlasrleye.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=76407"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}